A Dirty Job Chapter 3

3 Underneath THE NUMBER FORTY-ONE BUS It was fourteen days before Charlie left the loft and strolled down to the auto-teller on Columbus Avenue where he originally killed a person. His weapon of decision was the number forty-one transport, on its way from the Trans Bay station, by the Bay Bridge, to the Presidio, by the Golden Gate Bridge. In case you will get hit by a transport in San Francisco, you need to go with the forty-one, since you can basically figure on there being a pleasant scaffold see. Charlie hadn't generally relied on executing a person that morning. He had wanted to get a few twenties for the register at the second hand shop, check his equalization, and perhaps get some yellow mustard at the store. (Charlie was not an earthy colored mustard sort of fellow. Earthy colored mustard was what might be compared to skydiving †it was alright for race-vehicle drivers and sequential executioners, however for Charlie, a scarcely discernible difference of French's yellow was all the flavor that life required.) After the memorial service, companions and family members had left a pile of cold cuts in Charlie's cooler, which was all he'd eaten for as far back as about fourteen days, yet now he was down to ham, dim rye, and premixed Enfamil equation, none of which was middle of the road without yellow mustard. He'd made sure about the yellow press jug and felt more secure now with it in his coat pocket, however when the transport hit the person, mustard totally escaped Cha rlie's attention. It was a warm day in October, the light had gone harvest time delicate over the city, the late spring mist had stopped its tenacious slither out of the Bay every morning, and there was simply enough breeze that the couple of boats that spotted the Bay appeared as though they may have been posturing for an Impressionist painter. In the brief moment that Charlie's casualty understood that he was being run over, he probably won't have been cheerful about the occasion, however he was unable to have picked a more pleasant day for it. The person's name was William Creek. He was thirty-two and filled in as a market investigator in the budgetary locale, where he had been going that morning when he chose to stop at the auto-teller. He was wearing a light fleece suit and running shoes, his work shoes were tucked into a cowhide handbag under his arm. The handle of a minimal umbrella jutted from the side pocket of the travel bag, and it was this that grabbed Charlie's eye, for while the handle of the umbrella gave off an impression of being made of artificial pecan burl, it was sparkling a dull red as though it had been warmed in a produce. Charlie remained in the ATM line doing whatever it takes not to see, attempting to seem uninterested, yet he really wanted to gaze. It was sparkling, for the wellbeing of fuck, didn't anybody see it? William Creek looked behind him as he slid his card into the machine, saw Charlie taking a gander at him, at that point attempted to will his suit coat to venture into incredible manta-beam wings to hinder Charlie's view as he entered in his PIN number. Rivulet grabbed his card and the expectorated money from the machine, turned, and made a beeline for the corner. Charlie couldn't stand it any more. The umbrella handle had started to throb red, similar to a thumping heart. As Creek arrived at the check, Charlie stated, â€Å"Excuse me. Reason me, sir!† At the point when Creek turned, Charlie stated, â€Å"Your umbrella †â€Å" By then, the number forty-one transport was getting through the crossing point at Columbus and Vallejo at around thirty-five miles for every hour, calculating toward the control for its next stop. Spring looked down at the bag under his arm where Charlie was pointing, and the impact point of his running shoe got the slight ascent of the check. He began to lose his parity, the kind of thing we as a whole would do on some random day while strolling through the city, stumble on a break in the walkway and find a way to recover balance, however William Creek made just one stride. Back. Off the control. You can't generally gloss over it now, can you? The number forty-one transport creamed him. He flew a decent fifty feet through the air before he hit the back window of a SAAB like an extraordinary coat sack of meat, at that point bobbed back to the asphalt and initiated to overflow liquids. His possessions †the travel bag, the umbrella, a gold tie bar, a Tag Heuer watch †skittered on down the road, ricocheting off tires, shoes, sewer vent covers, some stopping almost a traffic light away. Charlie remained at the control attempting to relax. He could hear a tooting sound, similar to somebody was blowing a toy train whistle †it was everything he could hear, at that point somebody ran into him and he understood it was the sound of his own cadenced whining. The person †the person with the umbrella †had quite recently been cleared out of the world. Individuals surged, swarmed around, twelve were yelping into PDAs, the transport driver about straightened Charlie as he hurried down the walkway toward the butchery. Charlie stumbled after him. â€Å"I was simply going to ask him †â€Å" Nobody took a gander at Charlie. It had taken the entirety of his will, just as a motivational speech from his sister, to leave the loft, and now this? â€Å"I was simply going to reveal to him that his umbrella was on fire,† Charlie stated, as though he was disclosing to his informers. In any case, nobody blamed him, truly. They ran by him, some made a beeline for the body, some away from it †they batted him around and thought back, perplexed, similar to they'd slammed into a harsh air current or a phantom rather than a man. â€Å"The umbrella,† Charlie stated, searching for the proof. At that point he spotted it, practically down at the following corner, lying in the canal, despite everything gleaming red, throbbing like bombing neon. â€Å"There! See!† But individuals were assembled around the dead man in a wide half circle, their hands to their mouths, and nobody was giving any consideration to the terrified dainty man rambling drivel behind them. He cleared a path through the group toward the umbrella, decided presently to affirm his conviction, excessively far in stun to be apprehensive. At the point when he was just ten feet from it he looked into the road to ensure another transport wasn't preceding he wandered off the control. He thought back similarly as a sensitive, tar-dark hand wound out of the tempest channel and grabbed the minimal umbrella off the road. Charlie stepped back, glancing around to check whether anybody had seen what he had seen, however nobody had. Nobody even looked. A cop jogged by and Charlie snatched his sleeve as he passed, yet when the cop spun around and his eyes went wide with disarray, at that point what seemed, by all accounts, to be genuine dread, Charlie let him go. â€Å"Sorry,† he said. â€Å"Sorry. I can see you have work to do †sorry.† The cop shivered and pushed through the horde of spectators toward the battered group of William Creek. Charlie began running, across Columbus and up Vallejo, until his breath and heartbeat in his ears suffocated all the hints of the road. At the point when he was a traffic light away from his shop an incredible shadow moved over him, similar to a low-flying airplane or a gigantic winged animal, and with it Charlie felt a chill vibrate up his back. He brought down his head, siphoned his arms, and adjusted the side of Mason similarly as the link vehicle was passing, loaded with grinning vacationers who looked directly through him. He looked up, only for a second, and he thought he saw something above, vanishing over the top of the six-story Victorian over the road, at that point he dashed through the front entryway of his shop. â€Å"Hey, boss,† Lily said. She was sixteen, pale, and somewhat base overwhelming †her developed lady structure still in motion between infant fat and child bearing. Today her hair happened to be lavender: fifties-housewife cap hair in Easter-crate cellophane pastel. Charlie was twisted around, inclining toward a case brimming with trinkets by the entryway, sucking in profound rough swallows of used store smell. â€Å"I †think †I †just †executed †a †guy,† he heaved. â€Å"Excellent,† Lily stated, disregarding similarly his message and his disposition. â€Å"We're going to require change for the register.† â€Å"With a bus,† Charlie said. â€Å"Ray called in,† she said. Beam Macy was Charlie's other representative, a thirty-nine-year-old single guy with an unfortunate absence of limits between the Internet and reality. â€Å"He's traveling to Manila to meet the adoration for his life. A Ms. LoveYouLongTime. Beam's persuaded that they are soul mates.† â€Å"There was something in the sewer,† Charlie said. Lily analyzed a chip in her dark nail clean. â€Å"So I slice school to cover. I've been doing that since you've been, uh, gone. I'm going to require a note.† Charlie stood up and advanced toward the counter. â€Å"Lily, did you hear what I said?† He snatched her by the shoulders, yet she spun beyond his control. â€Å"Ouch! Fuck. Chill out, Asher, you sado crack, that is another tattoo.† She punched him in the arm, hard, and stepped back, scouring her own shoulder. â€Å"I heard, you. Stop your trippin', s'il vous plaã ®t.† Lately, since finding Baudelaire's Fleurs du Mal in a heap of trade-in books in the back room, Lily had been peppering her discourse with French expressions. â€Å"French better communicates the significant noirness of my existence,† she had said. Charlie put two hands on the counter to shield them from shaking, at that point talked gradually and intentionally, similar to he was addressing somebody for whom English was a subsequent language: â€Å"Lily, I'm having sort of a terrible month, and I value that you are discarding your instruction so you can come here and estrange clients for me, however in the event that you don't plunk down and show me a bit of screwing human fairness, at that point I will need to let you go.† Lily plunked down on the chrome-and-vinyl coffee shop stool behind the register and hauled her long lavender blasts out of her eyes. â€Å"So you need me to give close consideration to your admission to kill? Take notes, possibly get an old tape recorder off the retire and get everything down on tape? You're stating that by attempting to overlook your undeniable distres

Kudler Fine Foods Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kudler Fine Foods - Research Paper Example This gives chance to the organization to focus on the portions and give the items and administrations which were not sufficiently given. Showcasing exploration will likewise give the organization a dream to distinguish the gatherings needing their items and administrations. These segment gatherings can be perceived by age, sexual orientation and areas, which will have made it simple for the serving organization to offer their types of assistance and items (Pride and Ferrell 2012). Another significant factor, which is the fundamental explanation of maintaining a business, is the expansion in benefits from the deals of items and administrations. Advertising examination will build the benefits of the organization since the organization will discover a method of expanding overall revenues by either delivering certain items or offering the items to various segment divisions. Moreover, it will furnish the organization with a dream on what are the effects of increment in the costs of the va rious items and administrations. Promoting examination will make an organization sell a greater amount of its items and administrations, since the organization will distinguish which spot needs certain items and administrations, the preferences and the aversion of the clients and the adjustment in buyer designs (Pride and Ferrell 2012). ... Question 2 From an investigation on the ebb and flow look into led, it is obvious that Kudler Fine Foods ought to likewise direct research on the bundling of their items, which will be finished by the association to make the items progressively respectable to the shoppers. An association can do this by searching generally advantageous and ease methods of bundling the produce (Kotler et al, 2008). The store can likewise lead a persuasive research, which should be possible by knowing or finding the purposes for the purchasing of specific items by the shoppers and what prompts them to purchase or overlook different items. Kudler Fine Foods ought to likewise direct research on the outside business sectors in the event that it is to give a portion of its items to universal markets (Kerin, Hartley and Rudelius, 2012). They can do as such by realizing what the necessities in the internationals are, and advertises in which rivalry is as of now working all together for it not discover a metho d of wandering into the worldwide market. The organization could likewise lead a broad research on item brand names and the manners in which it could influence the customers and the contenders. Also, the organization can lead inquire about on related items for them to find out the connections between these items and the items right now offered (Kotler et al, 2008). This ought to be enhanced by directing statistical surveying on contending organizations, which will give them choices on what to use on their showcasing plans. Kudler Fine Foods can likewise direct statistical surveying about the dispersion channels of various items, which will give them a more prominent opportunity to find the best conveyance channel for the items and in turns beat the competitors’ methods of disseminating its

The Risks of Candidates Climbing Back Down the Corporate Ladder

The Risks of Candidates Climbing Back Down the Corporate Ladder While there’s a lot of talk about going up the ladder in the corporate world, it seems that few people ever consider the possibility of climbing back down.It’s as though our brains are programmed to strive for career growth only, which, admittedly, can be a good thing, but not necessarily.What good is the ladder if you can’t climb back down, right?It seems that there’s an innate optimism that feasts on our ambition and motivates us to excel at what we do.Naturally, we expect to reap the fruits of our labor, but for many reasons, the season can be less than a successful one.While optimism is a great and possibly the only attitude that propels you to succeed, it can also backfire.If you become obsessed with the idea of success so much that you’re unable to process the possibility of failure, you’re threatened by your own mindset.DOWNSIDE OF AMBITIONIt depends on the sector you’re working in of course, but everything cannot always be foreseen and accounted for.Sometimes th ings just get out of your hands and it’s up to the elements or higher powers to decide on the fate of the crops so to speak.That’s why, if you’re dependent on the idea that the only possibility of moving is an upward one, what happens can catch you off guard.There are many people who excel at climbing the ladder, but they don’t know how to stop or climb down.For those people, climbing down necessarily means falling and it’s often a disgraceful taboo in the corporate world. That sort of megalomania has a self-destruct button installed.People who consider stepping down to be shameful, are bound to trip sometime as all people do.Since they don’t know how to take a fall, they take so much more time and energy to get up.It’s not to say that employees bent on success are less capable, it’s just that they are more prone to perceive a simple step back as a catastrophe.In other words, their motivation is unstable and their willpower is fragile as they depend on fixed ideas ab out success in terms of business and wealth.Whether you’re climbing down voluntarily or you’re a superior that has to assign an employee to a “lower” position in the great pyramid, you need to be able to understand the corporate ladder.It’s used to ascend as well as descend and neither way is fixed and permanent so make the best out of it.Both ascending and descending the ladder have their perks and disadvantages so it’s best to keep them in mind.Since people usually tend to climb up, there are some risks to making candidates climb down the corporate ladder involuntarily:DEMOTIVATIONAn employee who worked hard to get promoted might be severely disappointed in himself/herself or the employer if his expectations are thwarted.You don’t have to be a shrink to know that, when you expect something and put your back into it, but don’t get any results whatsoever, you don’t tend to reinvest the same amount of energy you did before.Sometimes numbers demand demotions but make sure it’s an economic necessity before you make your move.If the demotion is unfair, it’s a sure way of making the employees slack. Discontent in a corporate world spreads like a plague as much as it does in other spheres of life.Psychology 101 teaches us that the amount of satisfaction with your job is proportional to the interest you take in it and the interest you take in it usually dictates your efficiency at it.More motivation means more success and demotion doesn’t really scream motivation. Source: hbr.orgWhen an employee is relegated without sound and obvious reasons, it can have a negative impact on staff morale.The world morale signifies the capacity of a group to maintain belief in an institution or a collective goal.Making employees climb down the ladder with no apparent reason doesn’t really convince people that you, as a manager, hold their welfare as a priority.Ashlie B. Johnson, head of Brooke Human Resource Solutions, saw the effects of employees climbing down the corporate ladder firsthand:“I’ve had very difficult conversations relating to demotions and layoffs many times in my career as a head of HR”. “I’ve had some positive outcomes in such situations because I’ve addressed the employees with respect, and have done everything in my power to support the candidates through every step of their transition.”DISMISSAL CONSIDERATIONIn relation to what’s been previously said, an employee may regard the demotion as humiliating and such tampering wi th the ego can take its toll.For example, if an employee refuses to accept the demotion, the employer has to consider dismissal.Dismissing the candidates puts superiors in the difficult position of having to find and employ more qualified workers to compensate for the lack of a more experienced one.Sometimes, depending on the position, new employees take time to train and as the saying goes, time is money so try not to waste it.Another downside to dismissal can be financial penalties for prematurely terminating the contract with an employee.That depends on the contract, but in serious institutions, some forms of reimbursement offered to the employee are usually implied.Put together the time you need to train the newcomers and the potential financial penalties for prematurely terminating the contract and you just might find out that it is more economical to avoid demotions.POTENTIAL LEGAL RISKSPrior consultation and agreement should always take place before opting for changes in role s or job statuses.This is the case even when employers have reserved the rights to change terms and conditions of employment by contract.If the employee evaluates the change in status as a substantial one, he/she can opt for an attorney in order to legally defend their rights in front of the court of law or an employment tribunal.The potential complications could be avoided by getting feedback from the employee and perhaps offering alternatives in addition to changing the job title, duties and responsibilities.Even when consultations take place, employers need to be careful not to pressure the employee to agree to the offered alternatives, since the consequences of refusal may be severe.When an employee feels too much pressure has been put, he/she may choose a resignation and a plea to the court.As for the consultations and agreement, employers should be careful to properly engage with the candidate so as to conduct a meaningful process, otherwise, the worker can consider the proces s to be a sham which could also result in a claim for a constructive dismissal.Candidates, dismissed for refusing the demotion, may also have a claim for an unfair dismissal and breach of contract if the employer doesn’t serve the notice of termination of employment in time.EQUALITYA demotion can also be the basis for a claim for discrimination which opposes the Equality Act passed in 2010 which protects characteristics relating to race, sexual orientation, gender, disabilities, age, religion etc.An employee may not even need to fulfill requirements in terms of length of service to be able to push the claim of discrimination before the court of law or an employment tribunal.Unlike claims of unfair dismissals, there is no limit to the compensation for loss of earnings that an employee might sue for.MANAGING RISKS OF RELEGATING CANDIDATESWhile demotion can be a useful option for employers in some circumstances, it may have its legal pitfalls.Having in mind the risk of financial expo sure, superiors should always seek legal advice before opting for demotion or dismissal as one can imply the other.Sometimes employers tend to get an employee to quit rather than firing candidates. That way, managers avoid the difficult situation of firing a candidate.From an HR point of view, the advantages of this strategy relate to avoiding paying the severance. It’s not an advisable strategy, and not just because it’s immoral, but because it can backfire as some workers simply start slacking at work rather than quitting.When it comes to financial benefits, managers can also reduce the salary of an employee instead of officially demoting him/her.That way the position is retained as well as the financial gain. It’s a non-advisable strategy also as it can backfire in the same manner as the previous one.The best strategy in addressing the risks of demoting candidates is consulting with them and explaining that the demotion is not a disciplinary step.It should be stressed that it’s not due to the incompetence of the employee either, so as to avoid hurting their pride and demotivating them.If possible, it should be stressed that the demotion takes place due to the downsizing of the firm or a similar cause or that the management assessed that the employee’s competencies would be better put to use in another sector of the organization.The likely impact on staff morale should also be considered. It’s not a path employers should choose lightly.However, sometimes employees voluntarily climb down the corporate ladder as that can have its advantages.VOLUNTARILY CLIMBING DOWN THE CORPORATE LADDERThere are more and more people opting for climbing down the ladder themselves. The reasons for such a maneuver may differ.The ways you can climb down also vary. You may want to climb down in your own firm or you may decide for a full-fledged transition. The reasons for climbing down the career ladder are usually relating to the draining nature of the work at higher m anaging positions.The higher the position is, the greater the responsibilities are and not many people can cope with too much responsibility.There’s a reason that the higher you go, the less place there is at the pyramidal corporate structures.Sometimes it’s not just the responsibility, but what you do as a superior. It depends on the job, but superior functions at corporations usually require more management than creativity and action, so people who like to “work on the field”, often lose themselves in doing something they didn’t really dream about doing in the first place.It is advisable, although it does not occur that often, that corporate leaders sometimes take a step down to remind themselves of the hardship and the nature of the challenges their subordinate colleagues face every day.That way they can get to know the thick and thin of the corporation and understand its structure better in order to be better leaders.Getting to know the staff and the working environmen t first hand is always an asset to the manager.It’s a growing trend for the boards to choose the potential managers by capacity and qualifications, but to train them from day one and from the lowest position at the firm.That way the potential managers have to get promoted, step by step, all the way to the top of the institution they ought to govern.By the time they get to the top, they already know the workers and the working environment like the back of their hand.To reverse the process, sometimes managers and executives voluntarily climb down the ladder to check the base floors before they climb back up.There are those who choose to step down because of the conflicting beliefs or because they lost themselves in doing something they don’t feel is right for them or right at all in terms of ethics. Others value their time, freedom and peace of mind more than the advantages of climbing the ladder.Some people just miss spending more time with their families.Be that as it may, both climbing down and up the corporate ladder, have their advantages and disadvantages.There are risks to deciding to step down for a while and we’ll list some of them in order to help you think and avoid doing something you might later regret.DO YOU REALLY WANT TO QUITBefore jumping into rash decisions, think about how your superiors will take your request. You might just convey a message that you’re not ambitious or confident enough.If you question your own expertise, competence and motivation, why should your employer put trust in you and promote you?By second-guessing the boards decision and faith in you, you may lose a chance of getting promoted again.Yes, we said its a two-way ladder, but it doesnt mean you should jump off of a moving train or expect to get back in the saddle just like that.While freeing yourself from the responsibility of higher functions has its perks, it has its disadvantages too.Before you demote yourself, make sure you can handle it financially. Its good to have additional incomes and freelance side hustles if you dont want to get too involved in the corporate machinery.Either way, youre working for the salary. Few things in life come pro bono so you might as well make a decent career for yourself. Not a necessity of course.After all, the corporate viewpoints are becoming more liberal these days so there are reduced responsibility programs for people who want to lessen the workload.Better think of a good excuse for temporarily doing it if you want to climb back on though.BEING OVERQUALIFIED FOR THE POSITIONWhen a candidate with senior skills applies for a junior position, it usually makes employers wonder if the position is just a temporary stop on the way to something better.As most managers look for reliable and dedicated staff, your application might even get turned down.If youre thinking about voluntarily relegating yourself then make sure youve come up with a good story to back up your application.Be ready to explain why youre climbing down the career ladder and make it a good one.Even if you convince your employer that its the spot you feel like youll really give your maximum at, are you sure you wont miss the challenges of the higher position?Perhaps youll find you miss being in a tight spot as the sheer difficulty of the work youre doing can sometimes force the creativity in you.Its a common mistake to think that free time alone will fulfill you.You need to know what is it that you want to do with your spare time because if your challenges at work dont match your capacities, youll become bored, apathetic and depressed.Make sure you have a plan for that prolonged weekend you hoped for all along for you might just find that Sundays make you anxious and that you cant wait to get back to work and do something meaningful.Of course, if you know what you want to do and have something to devote to in your spare time, this doesnt apply to you.Low Self-EsteemWhile theres more and more talk about dialing down on the career goals, since they dont guarantee a good life quality, people still stick to the old prejudice that the higher youre on the ladder, the happier you are.If youre used to some form of admiration from your subordinates, friends or acquaintances and if that admiration is in relation to your title, think twice before opting for demotion.Its not to say that you shouldnt do it. Being identified with your vocation and grounding your status on position alone is not a wise thing to do. If youre already doing it, however, consider the impact your new job will have on your self-esteem.Low self-esteem means low motivation which decreases your productivity which in return decreases your self-esteem.Yes, its a vicious circle so be careful not to make the mistake of defining yourself by what you do for living… or if you cant help it, try to do something that would do you justice.ArroganceCandidates with senior skills applying for junior positions often do not take their jobs seriously.T he results of such an approach are detrimental to the cause of the enterprise.If you underestimate your job, youre bound to overlook something and make a mistake.The results of arrogance are, in the long-term, usually catastrophic, not just in business, but generally.Be careful not to overestimate yourself or take your responsibilities for granted because you might just find yourself falling from the ladder instead of climbing down.Its not good for the staff morale to underrate the tasks at hand so if you think your capacity outmatches the challenge, keep it to yourself.Be a mentor, but dont ridicule what youre teaching if you dont want to sell yourself short.CONCLUSIONThere are many ways to climb down the career ladder and even more reasons to do it.Of course, there are many risks to it, so its by no means advisable. Its not to say that we advise against it either. Its an individual thing so, if we advise anything, its to think carefully before you do it.Many candidates make the de cisions on impulse and in the heat of the moment. Give yourself time to cool down before you make life-changing decisions. Do your homework and research.Read the article again if you have to and sum up the pros and cons.If you feel and think that climbing down the ladder is something you should do, by no means should you stick to the position youre not satisfied with.Just dont be rash. Have a good reason for both climbing up and down the corporate ladder.Its not the position that guarantees the quality of life, because all of us have different priorities. Just make sure you know what yours are before you climb that ladder.Its hardly an irreversible process, but it can save you a lot of time and energy if you set your priorities straight.If, however, you failed to do that and you find yourself climbing up or down involuntarily, dont worry. Sometimes you need to take a step before realizing why youve taken it and where it can lead you.Not everything can be planned ahead, but doing hom ework doesnt hurt… unless theres really too much of it in which case climbing down the ladder works like a charm.

What Is Client Centered Practice - 1575 Words

Introduction Occupational therapy is a very holistic practice and believes in client-centered practice. I believe client-centered practice is extremely important in any health field. It is critical to create the therapeutic process based on the client’s wants and needs. I also believe a client will need a source of motivation in order to want to continue to work hard in their therapy. If a client is not motivated in their therapy, it is the therapist’s job to find something a motivating factor for the client. This helps the client have a more successful outcome. The source of motivation which could potentially be used includes the clients individual values and interests. There are several models used in occupational therapy practice. One model is the Model of Human Occupation. This model is described as a conceptual practice model which stresses mind-body connections and is concerned with how people participate in their daily life occupations. 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What he learned in philosophy and philosophy of education influenced his personal life experiences which led him to a revolutionary of theory of therapy (Corsini, 2011 p. 148). According to an electrical resource, Client –centered therapy is a form of talk psychotherapy developed by psychologist Carl Rogers in 1940s and 1950s (â€Å"PCT†, n.d.). Certainly, Rogers’ non-directive approach to client- centered therapy focusedRead MorePerson Centered Therapy : A Type Of Therapeutic Approach Essay1581 Words   |  7 Pagesapproaches to how and what therapies are best to use when treating a range of clients. Freud, Erickson, Maslo w, and Carl Rogers are some of the few that recognized an importance in a type of therapeutic approach. However, while each man has their own different take on therapeutic approach, the main thing that is unavoidable between them all is that the beginning of healing starts with self. Person Centered Therapy Person Centered Therapy, also recognized as client centered therapy promotes an improved

My Personal Philosophy Of Nursing Education - 1075 Words

My Personal Philosophy of Nursing Education My personal philosophy of nursing education is a work in progress as I continue to grow as a nurse, and educator and as a scholar of nursing education. I am not new to the role of nurse or educator, but newer to the role of nursing educator. Nursing is the healing energy of caring, embodied in knowledge and skills. Each person is a unique combination of cognitive and physical energy blended together and infused by spiritual energy. Spiritual energy provides each person with a creative, connecting purpose that is individual and intended for personal achievement towards a collective whole. Health is the process of creating, connecting, and having a purpose that will then exist in the presence and absence of disease. The goal of nursing is to interact with others in a way that nurtures the process of creating that purpose. This requires knowledge that is empirical, ethical, esthetic, personal, and spiritual. In all situations, no matter how hopeless the circumstances seem to be, nurses value the sacred potential in each person with a respect that seeks to transcend human weaknesses and connect with the strengths, the gifts, and the purpose of each person in order to nurture the process of health. Nursing is emancipatory, t ransformational and saturated in the ethics of caring. In the process of creating individualized caring through connecting interactions, we, too, are transformed. Nursing is a true vocation. Not in the sense of anShow MoreRelatedNursing : Health Cooperation, And Personal Philosophy Of Nursing Care1339 Words   |  6 PagesCooperation, and Personal: Philosophy of Nursing Care Introduction Nursing philosophies are used by many institutions and places of employment. It is important that student nurses and nurses read and gain knowledge from their facilities nursing philosophy. 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As the years passed, I began to realize that nursingRead MoreHistory of Education and Philosophy of Nurse Education1416 Words   |  6 PagesHistory and Philosophy of Nurse Education Amy Allin Capella University Abstract Each educator brings to the academic arena their own personal nursing philosophy that is based on experience and is historic in nature. By studying the history of nursing, the educator is able to guide the student through their education process. As an educator the nurse becomes an extension of one’s own personal philosophy. Nursing theory serves as the foundation on which to develop a personal philosophy and characterizesRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1330 Words   |  6 PagesMy Personal Philosophy of Nursing The purpose of this essay is to depict the personal philosophy of nursing and any future aspirations I have acquired in my first semester of nursing school. 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Case Study Accountancy And Management Education Essay Free Essays

Personality: This the most of import characteristic of any single. In simple we can state that personality is what which constitutes differentiation of individual A ; individualism. We can besides specify personality in following ways as given under: *Something said or written which refers to the individual, behavior etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Accountancy And Management Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now , of some single, particularly something of a disparaging or violative nature, personal comments as indulgence in personalities. *That quality of jurisprudence which concerns the status, province, and capacity of individuals. *The composite of all the properties — behavioural, temperamental, emotional and mental and that characterize a alone person, â€Å" their different reactions reflected their really different personalities † . It the nature to assist others. These definitions present the best thought about personality. Personality Development Opportunities To do the program ordered, foremost, self-awareness is really of import. I can merely specify my scheme and subject after I know what my strengths and developmental countries are. However, for me, I ‘m certain I know these really good. I have strengths on dutifulness, cautiousnesss and artistic involvements, but I need to better myself on the countries of cooperation, activity-level and imaginativeness. Knowing myself specially and Bettering my developmental countries while continue working on my strengths, I can better myself comprehensively.A Self personality Exploration: Strengths ; The first strength of me is dutifulness. I ‘m a individual who has a strong sense of responsibility and duty. For me, I feel dutifulness is really of import for a individual either as single or a squad member because I believe â€Å" no hurting, no addition † . As a consequence, when I receive a work, I pay one hundred per centum attending to make it carefully and complete it on clip. I arrange my agenda ordered to do certain I do n’t detain in something. As I making these, I have made myself go a dependable individual. Second, I ‘m friendliness. Like what the IPIP-NEO paper describes about friendliness, friendliness people make friends rapidly and easy to organize near relationship. They treat friends truly and openly, and they can allow their friends feel comfy with them. I do all of these things of course. It ‘s like I was born with optimistic. I like to do friends and stay with my friends. I may concern about their jobs and assist them every bit much as I can when they are needed. I do n’t experience tiring when they complain something or speak their unhappiness to me. I think friend is a really of import group for me in my life. If I do n’t hold friends any longer, I would non accomplish either my life or calling ends successfully. Third, I have abundant artistic involvements. I like both art and nature beauty with all my bosom. I like to detect people ‘s visual aspect and idiosyncrasy because I believe everyone has their alone beauty no affair indoors or outside. Absorbing the different beauties from different people no affair they are in the existent life or from their professions, I make my ain manner and make my peculiar aesthetic foresights. Besides, I like to go to different topographic points to see their peculiar natural and human landscapes. It makes me experience my life in this universe is colourful. These three strengths are showed evidently in my life. Because of them, I have gained a batch of worthy values and memories in my early life ; moreover, they make my ends further. Failings ; However, when I province my strengths, my failings which include low ability on cooperation, low activity-level and deficit of imaginativeness besides show evidently. First of my failings which is a serious job for me is low ability on the cooperation. Even though I ‘m an optimistic and friendly individual, I do n’t wish to work with people initiatively. For some grounds, I do n’t believe working with others is more effectual than working separately and I do n’t wish to deny my ain demands to acquire along with others. I ever think in my manner and want people agree with me. It ‘s a small hard for me collaborating with others to carry through undertakings. Second, I ‘m low in activity-level. Although I ever say I like the busy life which I can affect in many activities and travel approximately energetically, I ca n’t do it come true in my existent life. I about ne’er complete the prep at the first several yearss when the professor assigns it. Besides, I ever give myself an alibi to hold remainder or hold to make something unnecessarily. It ‘s like I become far off to the busy life but live in a relaxed and slow gait. Third, I ‘m short of imaginativeness. I ca n’t understand why a individual with high artistic involvements is deficiency of imaginativeness ; nevertheless, I am such kind of individual. In fact, because of my slow gait of life, I leave myself in a place that merely to accommodate the existent life but non to alter it or to hold an ideal imaginativeness of it. Like, I would non conceive of that one twenty-four hours I will go a prince and married with the princess or I will go a ace theoretical account because I merely know it will ne’er come true.A By traveling through all my peculiar strengths and failings, I clearly know my existent place now. To carry through my ends and be successful, merely saying failings is non plenty, I besides need to do an effectual scheme to assist myself in accomplishing my ends. I need the cognition modesty, engagement on particular activities, academic preparation, personal preparation, work experience and on-the occupation preparation to assist me to better both my strengths and developmental countries. Personality Development Plan ; Short-Term Development Path Objectives ( 1-6 months ) ; In order to accomplish my life and calling ends, in the first 1-6 months, for cognition, I need to make good in my categories in following two quarters and read more books to distribute my ideas and cognition. I besides need to fall in more activities to better my cooperate accomplishment. Last but non least is that I need to seek my best to accommodate the life in UK. I non merely necessitate to better my English accomplishments but besides need to affect in UK pupils ‘ life so that I can both better my cooperate accomplishment and increase my activity-level.A Medium-Term Development Path Objectives ( 6-12 months ) ; After completing this short program, I need to hold an betterment in my preparation degree. Now I need to believe about how I can better my developmental countries specifically. Besides larning more cognition non merely from the books but besides from the society, I need to pay attending in every small facet of life. I need to believe more about others and make every small thing more active such as finish the prep every bit shortly as possible, make reappraisal and prevue everyday and exercising every twenty-four hours. I besides need to affect in some nines to better my cooperation ability and increase activity-level. Trying to happen a occupation on campus is besides a good manner for me to better my developmental countries. It will non merely assist me to collaborate better with others but besides can increase my imaginativeness from the emphasis work. By believing about the summer holiday is in this term, I schedule myself to hold a wood coal drawing and dancing preparations in following summer. In order to increase my imaginativeness, I need to derive more about the artistic cognition and feelings. I need to do myself unrecorded in my universe easy ; nevertheless, when I am pulling and dancing, I can easy to utilize fantasy to make a richer universe. Long-Term Development Path Goals ( 1-3 old ages ) ; In this last period, I will give myself a extremely betterment. From the cognition, merely to cognize the constructs studied in the text edition is far from adequate. To believe logically how finance and selling apply in the concern country and how can I turn the cognition to the actions with accomplishment and easiness are the chief intents for my betterment in this cherished period of life. I need to absorb other schoolmate ‘s advantages and professor ‘s experience in the concern country carefully from every category and group undertaking. After I gain adequate and well-set cognition, I need to happen an internship in an investing bank or an international corporation to use my cognition rely on the existent state of affairss. For this program, I combine the academic preparation and work experience to give myself a deep betterment non merely in cooperation but besides in activity-level. Besides, besides deriving academic preparation and work experience, I need to give myself a personal preparation in the art country. Because I want to work in a manner trade name, it ‘s perfectly that I need to hold cognition related to art and manner. Due to the concern school ca n’t give me developing in this country ; I need to make it by myself. I will give myself a pulling preparation in every holiday in the coming old ages. In add-on, I will go to some manner nines on the cyberspace with people who study in the art big leagues. By speaking with them, I will cognize what academic cognition I need to hold needfully and seek to larn them by myself or by taking class preparation. By taking this program, I will better my cooperation accomplishment, activity-level and increase my imaginativeness and artistic involvements together while I ‘m larning the academic art accomplishments. Individual Personality Development Plan of Action ; Making a program is really of import for success ; nevertheless, in order to do the program more effectual, the program needs to be specific into actions. In my development program, I pick of import actions to do them specifically. The actions I pick are self-study, internship and engagement on particular undertaking. I need to carry through two sorts of internship which are working in an investing bank and working in an international corporation in the following three old ages. I will take to work in an investing bank foremost because I ‘m majoring in finance now. I need to use my cognition to the existent state of affairss to happen my failing and better myself. This action will be finished at the beginning of the junior twelvemonth. After I finish this internship, I ‘m certain I will larn a batch about the concern country and have a high betterment on my developmental countries. Then, in the senior twelvemonth, I will get down my following internship which is related more close to my concluding end. Because I have already done an internship, I know what I need to make and necessitate to better better than earlier. Therefore, this clip, when I work in an international corporation, I need seek to carry through my undertakings absolutely by handling myself as a formal member of the corporation. This internship will be finished at the terminal of my of my survey. Decision ; In decision, in order to accomplish every end in my life, making an single personal development program is really of import. It non merely can assist me to cognize my existent place specifically but besides can allow me believe and make every action logically and orderly. Bing a selling manager in an international manner corporation is non that easy. However, I ‘m certain I can accomplish my end by following my plan measure by measure. Because of my involvements, difficult work and continuity, I believe there is one twenty-four hours I will hold a large calling in the manner country. How to cite Case Study Accountancy And Management Education Essay, Free Case study samples

Business Ethics Johnson & Johnson Financial State - Free Solution

Questions: 1) Although Johnson Johnson took a short term loss as a result of its actions, it was cushioned by the relative wealth of the company. Should it have acted the same way if the survival of the firm were at stake? 2) Was the moral minimum required of the company in this case? Would it favor some stakeholders more than others? How would you defend balancing the interests of some stakeholders more then others? 3) Imagine that a third-world country volunteers to take the recalled product. Its representatives make assurances that all the tablets will be visually inspected and random samples taken before distribution. Would that be appropriate in these circumstances? Would it have been a better solution than destroying all remaining Tylenol capsules? 4) Apparently no relatives of any of the victims sued Johnson Johnson. Would they have had a more case if they had? Should the company have foreseen a risk and done something about it? 5) How well do you think a general credo works in guiding action? Would you prefer a typical mission statement or a clear set of policy outlines, for example? Do you see any way in which the Johnson Johnson Credo could be improved or modified? Answers: 1. Ethically speaking Johnson Johnson should have acted the same regardless of their financial state. However from a business and professional standpoint this would be a case of corporate suicide (Lederach, 2015). If the company was in financial trouble there are a few ways they could of provided the same actions, just on a smaller scale. Johnson Johnson could have pulled all of the Tylenol in the Midwest region of Chicago where the deaths occurred, or to go even further they could have pulled the product from all of Chicago. The smaller scale might not have had the same effect as the nationwide approach but customers would still appreciate the effort to maintain their wellbeing (Schwartz, 2012). 2. The moral minimum is to recall the bottles from the Midwest region alone, where the deaths occurred. Had they made this decision, Tylenol's executives would have benefited by not having to lose so much money in recalling more nationwide (The Johnson Johnson Tylenol Crisis, 2016). The general public is the most important stakeholder to any business that depends on consumers. It is extremely important that the public is pleased and satisfied before any other stakeholders because without consumers, there is no product demand and therefore no business. 3. It would not be appropriate for Tylenol to allow a third world country to take the recalled product. If the product is not suitable to be consumed by North Americans, it would be unethical to consider it good enough for those in a third-world country (Schwartz, 2012). Tylenol would also be taking a huge risk by sending the tablets to a third-world country as they could cause more damage to their reputation if some of those tablets happened to also contain the cyanide and result in more deaths. Destroying the remaining Tylenol capsules was the most responsible and ethical choice under these circumstances. 4. This was not the first case of such harmful tampering. In New York in 1899, Harry Cornish, the owner of Knickerbocker athletic club, was sent a package that contained Bromo-Seltzer before the holidays (Saleheen et al., 2014). He took the bottle home and thought nothing of it until a relative consumed some and complained of feeling ill the next day. Cornish survived a minor illness following the tasting but sadly, his relative passed. This was a very long trial and likely very public because the appeal process was a landmark in US law which determined previous crimes cannot be used as evidence for unrelated ones (Ghillyer, 2012). The research and development of their value chain should have been a priority before any major incident prompted it. 5. Defining your beliefs and guiding principles is important to running a successful business. If you don't define your beliefs, others--be it friends, associates or the marketplace--will do it for you (The Johnson Johnson Tylenol Crisis, 2016). The credo forces the company to keep the needs of the customer first. In my opinion, the credo works better than a mission statement or a clear set of policy outlines because it covers and defines so much more: companies would have to write out millions of policies in order to prepare for future conflicts and a mission statement doesnt even begin to cover how to deal with such a crisis (Sonaike, 2013). No, I do not think that Johnson Johnson needs to improve the credo because it covers all the important categories of people affected: customers, employees, the community and stockholders. References Ghillyer, Dr. A. (2012). Business ethics now. New York: McGraw-Hill. Lederach, J. (2015). Little Book of Conflict Transformation: Clear Articulation Of The Guiding Principles By A Pioneer In The Field. Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.. Saleheen, F., Miraz, M. H., Habib, M. M., Hanafi, Z. (2014). Challenges of Warehouse Operations: A Case Study in Retail Supermarket. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 3(4). Schwartz, D. (2012). 5 Major Product Tampering Cases. In CBC News. Retrieved Nov. 16 2012, from https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/08/02/f-product-tampering-list.html. Sonaike, K. (2013). Revisiting The Good And Bad Sides Of Organizational Politics. Journal of Business Economics Research (Online), 11(4), 197. The Johnson Johnson Tylenol Crisis. (2016). https://www.ou.edu/. Retrieved 14 March 2016, from Untitled Document. (2016). Ou.edu. Retrieved 14 March 2016, from https://www.ou.edu/deptcomm/dodjcc/groups/02C2/Johnson%20%20Johnson.htm

Smoking Bans should be passed in Ohio Essay Example

Smoking Bans should be passed in Ohio Essay Smoking is one of the main social problems affected all classes and both genders, different age groups and nationalities. Smoking has become increasingly common among the students and adults affected smokers and non-smokers. The main danger of smoking and importance of strict anti-smoking laws is explained by a negative impact of on health and air conditions. Bowser (2006) states that â€Å"Ohio’s stricter ban has qualified, but signatures are still being counted on the second measure† (p. 28). The examples of the states which passed smoking bans prove benefits and advantages of this policy for community. Thesis Smoking bans should be passed in Ohio because of increasing number of smokers per year and increasing number of deaths caused by smoking-related diseases. Smoking bans should be passed in Ohio because smoking represents a real danger for health conditions of the majority of the population. Deaths from lung cancer in Ohio increased from around 10,000 a year in the early 1970s to more than 20,000, since when there has been a slow decline. Given the popularity of smoking- at its peak just after the Second World War, some 65 % of men in Ohio smoked- it is not surprising that the discovery of the link between cigarettes and lung cancer has had a major impact on public life and personal behavior. According to the doctors report smoking increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, lungs cancer and miscarriage.   Studies have revealed that over 400,000 people die each year because of diseases caused by smoking. According to the statistical data, the rate of smoking has increased by 30 % during 1993-1997 amongst the college students. Studies show that the measures which can be taken by the colleges authorities in order to reduce the level of s moking amongst the young students. Hanson and Logue (1998) indicate that: We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking Bans should be passed in Ohio specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking Bans should be passed in Ohio specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking Bans should be passed in Ohio specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer â€Å"According to a recent report from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the sidestream or passive smoke from cigarettesso-called environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)is responsible annually for approximately 3000 lung cancer deaths, between 150,000 and 300,000 lower respiratory ailments in children, and approximately 37,000 heart disease deaths† (p. 1163). Experts believe that taking preventive measures is better than abrupt prohibition from smoking which can cause the opposite effect on the students. The proportion of women smokers remains fairly steady just above 40 per cent as did the tendency of manual workers to smoke more than professionals. Smoking bans should be passed in Ohio because smoking violates rights of those people who do not smoke and involuntary inhale smoke.   The discovery of the dangers of ‘passive smoking’ in the 1980s marked the third phase of the tobacco wars and a decisive shift in the anti- smoking campaign. The first indication of this problem came in a paper from Japan in 1981; by 1986 the US Surgeon-General noted that some thirteen studies from five different countries had confirmed an increased risk. The resulting ban on smoking on US domestic air flights and the attendant controversy put the passive smoking issue decisively on the public agenda. The Froggat Committee, an independent scientific committee on smoking and health, estimated that passive smoking caused an increased risk of lung cancer of between 10 and 30 % and recommended restrictions on smoking in workplaces and in public. The case against passive smoking gathered momentum through the 1990s. In 1992 the US Environment al Protection Agency declared ‘environmental tobacco smoke’ (ETS) a carcinogen, or cancer-causing agent. In 1997 the California Environmental Protection Agency added low birth weight babies, cot death, childhood asthma and nasal sinus cancer to the list of conditions caused by ETS. â€Å"Studies suggest, for example, that prenatal or childhood passive exposure to parents smoking significantly increases the risk of childhood and adult cancers (12-15), and nonsmoking spouses of smokers have an increased risk of lung and nasal sinus cancers compared to spouses of nonsmokers† (Brinkman p. 689). Meta-analyses confirmed increased risks of lung cancer (24 %) and coronary heart disease (23 %). Public policy measures such as restrictions on smoking in various public places and stiff excise tax increases seem to be the favorite methods of a much more vocal antismoking movement. Smoking bans in Ohio will be an important step to protect rights of the nonsmoker. For instance, even though cigarette sales were declining in the early 1980s, this decline was far too little and was taking far too long to satisfy the antismoking forces. In this case, smoking bans is one of the most effective measures because historical examples how that nonsmoker rights can be protected only by strict state policies and relegations. Smoking bans should be passed in Ohio because smoking increases medical costs (smoking –related diseases and medical insurance) and has a negative impact on organizational resources. Researches demonstrate that secondhand tobacco smoke   harms computer hardwarerequiring more frequent cleaning of the machines, a higher repair ratio, and so on. The evidence suggests persons in data processing may wish to ban smoking from computer rooms, as much for the health of the hardware and software as for that of employees: chips run hotter than normal, disc drives crash, machines require more service, and other problems occur. Around the United States are various businesses that have seen costs drop sharply when smoking is totally banned. Some hotels and motels, free standers and chains, are banning smoking entirely, or setting aside a block of nonsmoking rooms. For instance, Lyndon Sanders runs Non-Smokers Inn in Dallas, Texas. For some employers, it costs $2,400 per year to employ a s moker. Medical costs and low productivity level is another problem caused by smoking. Statistical results show that almost one-fifth of all U.S. deaths can be traced to cigarette smoke or 375,000 deaths. â€Å"CDC (2002) estimates that total expenditures of $861.9 million in 2002 were allocated to tobacco control from national and state sources in the United Sates, or $3.16 per capita† (cited Marlow 2006, p. 573) . This figure does not include the approximate $30 billion annual cost of the tobacco itself. Smoking wastes 7 % of a smokers time on the job. Each smoker, therefore, costs an employer $650 extra in insurance and cleanup costs. Whatever the actual figure, these deaths represent an annual loss of life greater than World War I, the Korean conflict, and the Vietnam conflict combined. Researchers estimate that smoking is responsible for fully half of all mortality caused by fire (1,500 lives lost per year, 4,000 injuries), that is, deaths in apartment fires caused by smoking equal 38 %; hotel and motel fire deaths from smoking equal 32 %; mobile homes, 23 %; residential, 21 %; and private dwellings, 17 %. Researchers estimate every nonsmoker pays $100 annually for medical care for smoking -induced illness (paid largely through taxes and health insurance premiums) (Brinkman et al, p. 689). From a typical nonsmokers view the costs of passive smoking are high. To a typical smoker, the costs of heavy-handed regulation are unacceptable. To a majority of U.S. companies (and more than one-third of government agencies), restrictions or bans on smoking are based upon cost-benefit analysis that shows smoking costs the employer money in terms of employee health and productivity. Many other costs of smoking at work can be calculatedcleaning up offices (ash trays, desk burns, soiled drapes, dirty air filters, carpet damage). Down time for smokers (more frequent breaks and longer breaks) is discussed in later chapters. Just the routine of smoking is a time waster (tamping, lighting up, dropping the ashes). Perhaps the highest cost, other than loss of human life and health, of course, is that of confrontational and adversarial relationships that have become characteristic of the smoking /nonsmoking debate in recent years. These facts suggest that smoking bans will benefit both employees and employers, increase productivity and improve health of workers (Smoke-Free Businesses in Ohio 2006). Smoking bans passed in Ohio will have a positive impact on young generations and reduce a negative impact of advertising and promotion campaigns. The high rate of smoking among college students can be explained by aggressive advertising and promotional activities aimed to increase the size of the market. According to Albaum et al (2002)   â€Å"While levels of teenage smoking have recently shown a slight decrease, high-school smoking rates are more than one-fourth higher than in 1991, and the percentage of frequent high-school smokers has risen approximately 32% during the same time period† (p. 50). For many decades tobacco ads have displayed attractive people smoking-obviously to link good looks with smoking or the use of other tobacco products. There was a time when smoking was seen as sexy or glamorous.   The glamorous ads casting handsome and beautiful models, actually tempts the youngsters to smoke. Tobacco industry focuses on sales promotion more than any other indus try in the world. Companies spend a huge amount of investment to reach adolescents. Adolescents, of 18-24 years, become the main target market for the tobacco industry. The companies distribute free cigarettes outside the concerts and college clubs in order to attract more and more people towards their brands. The industry has also involved the youngster in the promotional activities. These kinds of aggressive promotion activities have drawn a huge number of younger lots to smoking. Promotional activities in bars and night clubs were started during 1980s. The level of tobacco consumption among students was indistinct, but the some field researches show that nearly every college student was involved in those promotional activities during 1990s. It has been predicted that the college students will become main consumers of tobacco in the next few years. The tobacco companies launch their promotional campaign mostly in the urban localities, trying to trap the young consumers through various advertising medium and techniques. Following Ohio’s Senator Eric Fingerhut its much easier to get things done on the state level, because there are fewer people and competing interests to navigate on any issue (Kaufman, p. 66). In this case, even the students who don’t have enough exposure to the bars and night clubs can be influenced by the heavy advertising by different brands. A number of significant anti-tobacco laws have been enacted at the state level over the last eight years, which attempt to control teen access to cigarettes and to place restrictions on smoking in public places. Smoking is still perceived by many youth as adult behavior and a rite of passage into manhood. Long years of smoking mean the addiction is more severe and the habit more ingrainedthus more difficult to break. At the local level, a number of barriers to more effective implementation and enforcement of tobacco control laws were identified by the respondents. In contrast, a number of nonsmokers added strong commentary about banning or restricting smoking in the workplace and passive, secondhand smoke (Houses Own Smoke-Filled Room p. A01). Smoking bans should be passed in Ohio because smoking has a negative impact on air quality and pollution. According to statistical results, the rural benzene concentration is around 0.5 ppb, while the normal range of urban concentrations is 2-10 ppb. This means that the range of daily benzene intake varies by at least a factor of ten, from a few tens to a few hundreds of ÃŽ ¼g. At the low end of this range the atmospheric intake would be dominated by that from food, while at the high end it would exceed that due to food, and be similar to that due to smoking 20 cigarettes per day. A large number of gaseous and particulate air pollutants are produced by tobacco combustion. Of course, the exposure of a smoker is very high compared to a non-smoker, but a smokers exposure is voluntary, whereas a non-smokers is not. Of the more than 4500 compounds found in tobacco smoke, 50 are known or suspected to be carcinogenic. Conventionally, the emissions are classified into mainstream (MTS), sides tream (STS) and environmental (ETS) tobacco smoke (Brinkman et al, p. 689). Mainstream emissions, formed during active puffing, are sucked directly from the end of the cigarette into the mouth; burn temperatures are up to 1000  °C, so thermal NOx is formed, as well as HCN (hydrogen cyanide) and N-nitrosamines (carcinogenic). Most of the components are generated by a combination of pyrolysis and distillation in an oxygen-deficient atmosphere. Brinkman et al (2002) indicate that â€Å"Indoor benzene concentrations are, respectively, about 50% and 69% higher in smokers homes than in the homes of nonsmokers† (p. 689). Very high concentrations (around 1010 per cm3 of evolved gas) of particles (mode diameter around 0.5 ÃŽ ¼m) are produced. Although these are serious pollutants, they are only inhaled by the smoker. Inhalation of ETS is colloquially known as passive smoking induce effects ranging from eye watering (tearing), increased coughing and phlegm production, allergic reactions through lung cancer to death. There is also evidence for reduced lung function development in children, increased asthma incidence, increased rates of hospitalisation from bronchitis and pneumonia. One study showed that around 17% of lung cancers among non-smokers may be attributed to ETS exposure during childhood. Smoking naturally raises the exhaled concentrations of many substances. Smoking bans will reduce air pollution and improve quali ty of indoor and outdoor air. The facts mentions above prove that smoking bans should be passed in Ohio in order to promote healthy working environment and reduce pollution. Smoking bans will reduce a threat of cancer and diseases caused by smoking. They will protect those people who do not smoke and try to avoid negative impact of smoking on their health. Smoking bans will have a positive impact on economic recourses reducing costs spent on medical insurance and improve productivity. As the most important, they will protect young citizens from negative impact of cigarettes advertising campaigns. Smoking bans will be a part of general policy against pollution and environmental degradation and will help to protect air from contamination.

Free Essays on Alcohol in Ernest Hemingway’s Short Stories

An Analysis of the Presence of Alcohol in Ernest Hemingway’s Short Stories Alcohol and Desperation: An Analysis of the Presence of Alcohol in Ernest Hemingway’s Short Stories Throughout the short stories of Ernest Hemingway, alcohol inevitably lends its company to situations in which desperation already resides. In an examination of his earlier works, such as In Our Time, a comparison to later collections reveals the constant presence of alcohol where hopelessness prevails. The nature of the hopelessness, the desperation, changes from his earlier works to his later pieces, but its source remains the same: potential, or promise of the future causes a great deal of trepidation and lament throughout Hemingway’s pieces. Whether the desperation comes from trepidation or lament depends on the view point from which it is observed, or rather, experienced. In many of the works written early in his career, Hemingway’s characters experience a fear of the future. The fear does not necessarily stem from commonly expected sources, such as â€Å"the unknown,† but rather, it seems to grow from a fear of failure, a fear of being unable to fulfill potential. A number of stories and vignettes from In Our Time reflect these trepidations, and throughout, the presence of alcohol surfaces as a reminder of the desperation felt by the characters as they confront or avoid the circumstances surrounding their fears. It should be clarified, however, that â€Å"desperation† here does not insinuate the many nuances that the term conjures, but rather, it describes its simplest meaning of a loss or a lack of hope. For the characters of the early stories, the lack of hope motivates trepidation, while in the later works, the loss of hope creates lament. The lament experienced by Hemingway’s characters in his later works corresponds to an older perspective by both author and characters. In most cases of desperation, the later characters retrospectively... Free Essays on Alcohol in Ernest Hemingway’s Short Stories Free Essays on Alcohol in Ernest Hemingway’s Short Stories An Analysis of the Presence of Alcohol in Ernest Hemingway’s Short Stories Alcohol and Desperation: An Analysis of the Presence of Alcohol in Ernest Hemingway’s Short Stories Throughout the short stories of Ernest Hemingway, alcohol inevitably lends its company to situations in which desperation already resides. In an examination of his earlier works, such as In Our Time, a comparison to later collections reveals the constant presence of alcohol where hopelessness prevails. The nature of the hopelessness, the desperation, changes from his earlier works to his later pieces, but its source remains the same: potential, or promise of the future causes a great deal of trepidation and lament throughout Hemingway’s pieces. Whether the desperation comes from trepidation or lament depends on the view point from which it is observed, or rather, experienced. In many of the works written early in his career, Hemingway’s characters experience a fear of the future. The fear does not necessarily stem from commonly expected sources, such as â€Å"the unknown,† but rather, it seems to grow from a fear of failure, a fear of being unable to fulfill potential. A number of stories and vignettes from In Our Time reflect these trepidations, and throughout, the presence of alcohol surfaces as a reminder of the desperation felt by the characters as they confront or avoid the circumstances surrounding their fears. It should be clarified, however, that â€Å"desperation† here does not insinuate the many nuances that the term conjures, but rather, it describes its simplest meaning of a loss or a lack of hope. For the characters of the early stories, the lack of hope motivates trepidation, while in the later works, the loss of hope creates lament. The lament experienced by Hemingway’s characters in his later works corresponds to an older perspective by both author and characters. In most cases of desperation, the later characters retrospectively...

Behavioural Finance and the Efficiency of Capital Markets Essay

Behavioural Finance and the Efficiency of Capital Markets - Essay Example All the literature on market efficiency defines an efficient market as one where prices reflect all available information and sellers cannot earn windfall profits in a sustained manner (Fama, 1970). Large profits can be earned only by having inside information that is not publicly known and trading based on such information, or through misinformation; both are illegal. In an efficient market, assuming all companies disclose information to investors, only those who enter the market first may earn above average returns. Just like any other market, the one who arrives first can buy at a lower price and then, as demand goes up, sell at a higher price. This logic that consistently beating the market is not possible led to the creation of index funds that mimic the market's performance. Nevertheless, small investors unaware of these academic and empirical discussions continue to try to beat the market, only to incur expenses on fees and commissions. Behavioural finance proponents think that market-beating strategies exist and that a careful analysis of historical price trends and financial reports can pay off (Shiller, 1990). They point to stock market anomalies and other forms of market inefficiencies that allow investors to reap above average returns. He claims that conclu... Nevertheless, small investors unaware of these academic and empirical discussions continue to try to beat the market, only to incur expenses on fees and commissions. Behavioural finance proponents think that market-beating strategies exist and that a careful analysis of historical price trends and financial reports can pay off (Shiller, 1990). They point to stock market anomalies and other forms of market inefficiencies that allow investors to reap above average returns. So going back to our question: are markets efficient Fama (1998) thinks it is and that it continues to be so as proven by empirical studies (Fama and French 1992, 1993, 1996 and Malkiel, 1995). He claims that conclusions based on market anomalies discovered by behavioural finance are due to poorly done statistical work (1998, pp. 292-294) and amateurish techniques (1998, p. 296). He cited (1998, pp. 288-290) above average returns as the result of chance, that behavioural finance models are loaded with judgmental biases making it predictably easy to justify any hypothesis proposed, and that the efficient market hypothesis can explain all forms of market behaviour to date. Behavioural finance supporters Barberis, Shleifer and Vishny (1998) claim that an ongoing battle between rational and irrational traders exists in the market, with the irrational ones dominating. The systematic errors that irrational investors make when they use public information to form expectations of future cash flows overwhelm the efforts of rational traders to undo the former's market dislocating effects. Daniel, Hirshleifer, and Subrahmanyam (1998) state that irrational traders' overconfidence in interpreting

Rhetorical criticism using Ernest bormann's Fantasy theme approach and Essay

Rhetorical criticism using Ernest bormann's Fantasy theme approach and Neo-Aristotelian approach on Barack Obama's first Inaugur - Essay Example To a good number of America the election of president Obama represented hope for a new beginning and a chance to perform reforms for the better. However, many Americans questioned his ability to lead with enough background and skills to address these concerns. This thesis examines the president 2009 inaugural address. The analysis of this speech shows how the president rhetorically managed to alleviate the concern of the USA’s people. And, in what manner he was rhetorically able to convince Americans that he is the right person to led the nation to the right direction through this difficult times. First, present and explains the chosen theories within classical rhetoric and the genre of the address. He then uses the selected theories to analyze the Obama’s inaugural address. The writer then makes assessment and discussion of the thesis statement from this analysis. The thesis has Ernest Bormann's Fantasy theme approach and Neo-Aristotelian approach to determine the type of speech, the usage and appeal form used. By utilizing this approach, it was possible to deduce whether Obama’s inaugural speech was rhetoric. The Obama’s rhetoric inaugural address has its own genre. ... Inaugural address is supposed to be non-partisan and unifying. They should make people feel that if they come together they can achieve more (Fafner, 1998). Most of the Americans have a major concern about domestic and international issue. With the election of a new president, people want to feel that the needed reforms are steered for the better especially with the new leader in power. Obama’s inaugural address was an opportunity for him to show off his prowess with respect to his capacity to alleviate the concern of the Americans. In this regard, therefore, the thesis will answer a number of questions such as question: 1) how did the president rhetorically manage to alleviate the concern of Americans? 2) In what way was president Obama rhetorically able to win the hearts and minds of the Americans convincing them that he is the right person to lead them through this trying time? Method of Analysis To answer the question, the author describes theories used for them. Then a rh etoric analysis of the president inaugural address will be made based on the selected theories. While accounting for the selected theories, the focus will be linguistic analysis that utilize five cons of Aristotle ‘classical rhetoric, (memoria, action, elocutio, disposito and inventio) and the three appeal forms- (ethos, pathos and logos.) Background and literature review Classical rhetoric arose in 5th century in Athens Greece. Rhetoric refers the art of speaking and is the theory about shaping the language in a way that both the person speaking and the intended audience gains sympathy. The objective of rhetoric is to convince actuate and stimulate the audience. In the recent past the

Top Girls and Under the Blue Sky | Comparison

Top Girls and Under the Blue Sky | Comparison Discuss and compare how Caryl Churchills Top Girls and David Eldridges Under the Blue Sky deploy the conventions of Dialogue and Objectives/Obstacles, and asses the connection between these formal choices and the meaning and impact of the play. The conventions of dialogue and objectives and obstacles are intertwined through the playwrights portrayal of character and in the process of creating dramatic conflict. Dialogue is a revelatory device, where action is conveyed through speech to communicate character objectives; it is the chief means by which the premise is proved, the characters revealed, and the conflict carried out.[1] Dialogue reveals subtext as well as character and motive, and communicates the internal dimension of the plot[through] psychological, or inner action'[2] within each character, whose objectives become apparent through the translation of thought into speech and its function in drama. Character objectives are defined as goals or desires for individual characters, often in opposition to each other. For David Edgar [W]hat characters do is pursue objectives [but they] are not necessarily or even often pursued directly.[3] Objectives alter according to the nature of changing conversation and character revelations, thus transforming its intensity, pace, and meaning. The motivation behind a line of dialogue informs what the character wants to achieve by them saying a particular thing. Edgar refers to Stanislavskys theory of Actioning, where actors place an intention behind each individual line. This is a rehearsal technique utilised by the director Max Stafford Clark: Max Stafford Clarkand his actors action individual lines with transitive verbs: in pursuit of the objectives, say, of seduction, a character may befriend, please, intrigue and flatter in as many lines, to which the other character, in pursuit of the objective of remaining unseduced, may respond by warning, snubbing, and challenging before finally spurning.[4] This technique highlights obstacles to these intentions. Obstacles are defined as factors working against a characters objective, often taking the form of another character in the scene, ensuring a more emotional undercurrent between characters to create conflict, particularly as [A]nother important function of the dialogue is the expression of emotion. Characters dont just state facts; they express their feelings toward conditions they feel strongly about. The most highly emotional dialogue is often a free release of feelings stemming from an open clash of wills.[5] In order to evaluate how playwrights have deployed these conventions within their writing, Top Girls by Caryl Churchill and Under the Blue Sky by David Eldridge will be used as examples to explore how these dramatic practices create meaning. Top Girls was directed by Max Stafford Clark and premiered at The Royal Court Theatre, returning early in 1983 following its transfer to New York. The play emerged as a socialist comment on Thatcherite regimes and the championing of the Individual. This has led to debate over whether it is first and foremost a feminist or a socialist play. It is not only the political content of the play which is so significant, but the structure of its content and Churchills use of unconventional dialogue: The play is informed by a pivotal moment in the early 1980s, when social and economic change had liberated women but also fostered ruthless individualism. The subject finds expressive form in the plays hybrid structure, reverse chronology and verbal technique Churchills precise notation for interrupted, overlapping and non-consecutive dialogue that specifies rhythm and discontinuity for the actors in performance.[6] The overlapping dialogue echoes the flow of real conversation or argument, thereby having an impact on the pace of a scene, making any silences more significant. The opening act is well known because it represents five historical or fictional characters, all talking over each other in an effort to become principal storyteller. However, I will focus on the argument between Marlene and her sister Joyce in the final act of the play, where the dialogue is heavy with personal history and both characters objectives reflect the issues of the play in a more pertinent and grim reflection of Churchills intention to demonstrate the prices of success. David Eldridges Under the Blue sky was first performed in 2000 at the Royal Court Jerwood Theatre Upstairs, an appropriately intimate space for three volatile acts of two-handers. Its revival in the summer of 2008 transported the play to the Duke of Yorks theatre, where Eldridge reflected on the differences between a small theatre space and a West End theatre production, and on what he terms a cult of virginity in contemporary British theatre: As one critic has noted, a revival is something that normally only happens to the dead. Theatre in this country is currently preoccupied with a cult of virginity, with new plays premiered and discarded in rapid succession; far more than it is nurturing a contemporary repertoire that will sustain modern playwriting long-term.[7] The motivations behind the play derive from Eldridges reaction to how teachers are portrayed in drama, but also his interest in the question of unrequited love. Eldridge says of his intention that I did very much want to meditate on the nature of unrequited love with three couples in different relationships and at different stages of their life.[8] These couples have an act each to deliberate on their individual relationships. Eldridge shows that such temperamental subject matter obstructs character desires to express themselves, resulting in the unnerving proof that the body of a teacher is at least as fallible as the mind of a child'[9], until the final act of the play which ends on a note of possibility.[10] I will focus on the opening act of the play, between Nick and Helen which explores the impact of direct conflict of desires in the exploration of unrequited love. In the translation from thought to speech, what do characters really mean and what do they really say in relation to their objectives. Even if characters are attempting to conceal information, it is revealed, either through subtext or through an emotional outburst, thus heightening or pacing the drama. The relationship between thinking and speaking becomes a complication for the characters, in the conflict between want and need, rational and emotional, or truth and security. Dialogue is used in exposition. Different devices reveal past events, including the conflicting objectives behind the dialogue which move the scene forward. In both scenes the past is very much in the present, an obstacle to it, affecting the characters now. As a result, the process of communication may be compromised, by a character trying to conceal or even change the past in an attempt to protect themselves. In both Top Girls and Under the Blue Sky the character driven dialogue is stichomythic, organised into alternate lines. The dialogue technique employed throughout Top Girls makes the characters overlap and interrupt each other. In the act between Joyce and Marlene the conversation is emotionally loaded with their history, so the dialogue must function to illuminate how important their clashing wills are to substantiate the overlapping, and convey their inner action. In contrast Under the Blue Sky delineates alternate lines to Nick and Helen, amid frequent pauses, and strained laughter. Each playwright employs the relationship between thinking and speaking differently. Joyce and Marlene speak as they think, as they react to the others words to avoid the obstacles put up by their contestations, whereas much of what Nick and Helen say is deliberated, to conceal or protect. Each playwright has defined opposing objectives within the scene, to create conflict and achieve a dramatic situati on. So dialogue grows from the character and the conflict, and, in its turn, reveals the character and carries the action.[11] Eldridge has structured his scene so that both characters wants are in opposition, so they must change as they clash with obstacles put up by the other. Helens primary goal is for Nick to reveal his desire to be the same as hers, but she discovers it is in direct contrast. So her objectives alter to overcome this and change his mind; first she attempts to make him stay, then to find ways to maintain her presence in his life. In the rest of the play we learn what happens to them through what other characters say because they are not seen again. From information gained through others, Eldridge provides suggestions of their continuing objectives following on from Act One and indicates whether they are achieved, as they become obstacles to the plays new characters in the continuation of the story. Although they are described with verbs, objectives are not actually done; they are something the characters aim at doing in the future.[12] Therefore, the process of actioning is key to the dialogue, despite it being an actor exercise. Max Stafford Clark used this technique during rehearsals for Top Girls and its television adaptation in 1991. In such a fast-paced, non-consecutive dialogue that stems from rapid and unrestrained thoughts this technique illuminates intention behind each line and explores which character is in control at a particular point. In this final scene, the status of both sisters is relatively equal in their objective, even if not in their social position, meaning that when one exerts more control over the other it is even more significant. Joyces control is demonstrated through her resistance to Marlenes attempts to appease: Marlene I didnt really mean all that Joyce I did. Marlene But were friends anyway. Joyce I dont think so, no.[13] Here, Joyce asserts the finality of her decision to be distanced from her sister. The dynamics of this argument in Top Girls reflects the nature of a conversation which has opened up old hostilities between two sisters who are almost strangers. So the dialogue has become the means of communicating their opposing wants and needs, resulting in a heated, almost uncommunicative emotional exchange demonstrating a clash of wills and their shared history: Dialogue can narrate and explain ideas. Characters under stress, however, rarely stop to describe and analyse their thoughts and feelings. Such dialogue is seldom a cool academic debate. Instead it must reveal the strong emotions the characters feel for the practical outcome of their ideas.[14] The dialogue is raw and emotional in its argument, conveying both character and he stress they are under to prove their objectives. It reveals truth, not just about Angie, and illustrates characters who are bound together but clash so irrevocably. Dominic Droomgoole described the final act of Top Girls as a big, old-fashioned, stichomythic fistfight, a ball of love and rage, a classic scrap where two political philosophies and two sisters rehearse how much they loath, and how much they need each other. The play is a journey from high style to high naturalistic emotion.[15] Churchills techniques when drafting dialogue has an explicit effect on the exchange of conversation between characters and each line is carefully structured into its position within the organization of the dialogue as a whole; her slash and asterisk notation for interruptions and overlaps speeds up the dialogue by compressing it: the slash indicates a point of interruption, the asterisk indicates a common starting point between two speeches.[16] These indications of interruption also highlight the immediacy of one characters reaction to what the other has said before, expressing how conversation is complicated, that people interrupt and do not listen to one another. So Churchills dialogue is very truthful in its delineation of interruptions and reactions and has a particular intensity to it which echoes the unpredictable, complicated nature of conversation filled with such vehemence. The argument is not based solely on Marlenes unwelcome visit, but is burdened with their relationship as sisters. Thus they can dig into the roots of an argument which has been constrained for six years, and more. This relationship, and the history stemming from their connection, is all but shattered, rendered secondary to the issues which mount between them and is perhaps the tragedy of the scene; ultimately this bond cannot be repaired by one or both of them because they have each chosen something more important in its place. Throughout the scene, Marlenes main objective to pacify her guilt is continually evaded by her sister. This, as an obstacle put up by Joyce, stems from her own desire for things to remain the same, even to protect against the possible threats of Marlenes visit. So Churchill promises dramatic conflict by making them enter the scene with opposing goals. Following the first heated exchange about gynaecology[17] and the revelation that Marlene is in fact Angies biological mother, Marlene breaks down: Marlene I was afraid of this. I only came because I thought you wanted I just came Marlene cries Joyce Dont grizzle Marlene, for Gods sake. Marly? Come on, pet. Love you really. Fucking stop it, will you? Marlene No, let me cry. I like it.[18] Churchill demonstrates that there is still some feeling between them, before we witness the further collapse of their relationship which follows this. In using this moment where the dialogue breaks down and the objective is to soothe, Churchill appeals to our sense of hope, but as the conversation builds once more, as Marlene and Joyce question each other to fill the gap of time and of affection whilst slipping in comments about Angie, I dont see why you couldnt take my money,[19] the distance between them is widened: [In the last scene], in an extraordinarily effective piece of dialogue, the characters seem to change places before our eyes; Marlene shouts, weeps, pleads for sympathy and it is Joyce who gains stature by rejecting her sisters wheedling attempts at eliciting a compromise.[20] Here, Churchills intention is to create possibility, then shatter it, so the play offers a glimpse of affectionate relations between the sisters, before their political differences drive a wedge between them once and for all.[21] This is also the moment where Marlenes vulnerability is shown, as she seemingly finds her femininity again in the private company of her sister, liking that she is finally able to express it. Despite comforting Marlene, Joyce continues to snub her attempts to compromise: Marlene Youve been wonderful looking after Angie. Joyce Dont get carried away. Marlene I cant write letters but I do think of you. Joyce Youre getting drunk. Im going to make some tea. Marlene Love you. Joyce gets up to make tea. Joyce I can see why youd want to leave. Its a dump here.[22] Immediately, Joyce starts distancing once more, making it clear that these words are not enough, subsequently proving her as an obstacle to Marlenes desire in that moment to be comforted. In Joyces reluctance to repair the relationship with her sister, the promise of resolution is threatened once more; and is exacerbated by the political stance of each character, as they finally establish a permanent gulf between them: During the final scene, Churchill repeatedly gestures toward reconciliation as a possibility that remains unrealized. In the final moments of the play, the sisters recognize that a chasm has opened up between them-though they come from the same family background, their present socioeconomic and political differences place them on opposite sides of the divide between us and them. Churchill keeps these positions in dialectical opposition, resisting synthesis or resolution, through Joyces repeated rejections of Marlenes attempts to gloss over their differencesThe expectation of reconciliation remains frustrated right through the sisters final exchange.[23] Throughout the scene, the sisters constantly challenge each others personal and political views. The threat of change is something that scares Joyce, which Marlene takes as jealousy because she was able to leave, but at great cost to her family, gender and future relationships. In this final act, Churchill shows that things do run deeper than blood, that a persons beliefs can be an obstacle to comfort they seek, and intensifies the plays meaning that Marlene has sacrificed more than a daughter for the sake of the Individual. The main objective informing the dialogue between Joyce and Marlene is to tell the other what their life has been like, to justify their choices. However, these claims are complicated by the obstacle of memory and its discrepancies, or deliberate blocking of certain facts. Furthermore, both sisters have something to say, in a heightened situation, where both claims are valid, but there is nothing to allow for polite, uninterrupted conversation. Churchill uses dialogue to open up old arguments, demonstrating how the past affects their choices, through exposition within the debate which reveals much about why and how they have reached their current beliefs and situation. For example, Marlene mentions visiting their mother earlier and comments on how she had a wasted life, and Joyce reacts, undermines Marlenes opinion when she feels that her own choices and way of life have come under attack: Joyce You say mother had a wasted life. Marlene Yes I do. Married to that bastard. Joyce What sort of life did he have? / Working in the fields like Marlene Violent life? Joyce an animal. / Why wouldnt he want a drink? Marlene Come off it. Joyce You want a drink. He couldnt afford whisky. Marlene I dont want to talk about him. Joyce You started, I was talking about her. She had a rotten life because she had nothing. She went hungry. Marlene She went hungry because he drank the money. / He used to hit her. Joyce Its not all down to him. / Their lives were rubbish. They Marlene She didnt hit him. Joyce were treated like rubbish. Hes dead and shell die soon and what sort of life / did they have? Marlene I saw him one night. I came downI had to get out, Joyce Jealous? Marlene I knew when I was thirteen, out of their house, out of them, never let that happen to me, / never let him, make my own way, out.[24] This highlights a number of important details. Firstly, Churchill has illustrated the family life Marlene and Joyce lived as children through their clashing memories of it, and the impact of their disagreement on the standard of life alters the possibility of them finding a common ground. Their opinions, particularly of their father, inform the later debate about their separate political beliefs; showing that the personal does influence these politics. Furthermore, this dialogue demonstrates how these two realities clash, even though these characters share the same past. Churchill also reveals here how Marlene knew she needed to escape this life and the impetus which led her to where she is now; and not even her illegitimate daughter would stop her. In contrast, Joyces ability to relate to her parents lives and her desire to keep things the same means that Marlene cannot properly understand why Joyce could not leave. Marlene has become a separate individual, outside this life, this f amily. Because Churchills dialogue moves at the speed of thought and there is so much to say, there is no reprieve. Instead the argument is a drunken one between two angry sisters, not a considered political assessment, and is exaggerated and oversimplified on both sides,[25] so the dialogue gives substance to these character as flawed people, in the heat of the moment, revealing exposition in their attempts to justify themselves and the origins of their clashing objectives, to ensure an emotional intensity. In contrast to the overlapping exchange in Top Girls, the scene between Nick and Helen in Under the Blue Sky relies on dialogue which is predominantly thought through. The thought processes of the characters inform the pace of the dialogue, which is symbolized in the methodical preparing and cooking of the chilli and acts as something to return to in the awkward silences, and as ingredients are added and it gets hotter, the conversation escalates. The mechanical actions of cooking contrasted with emotional dialogue creates intensity which is emphasized by the moment it is ignored: When [the water] boils neither of them takes any notice.[26] In her review of the 2008 revival, Deborah Orr concluded that the situation of this first act is that Helen loves Nick, and Nick loves being loved by her. There, if hes honest, his interest ends.[27] This is where the clash of objectives lies in the scene. Helen hopes that Nicks invitation to dinner will be a further invitation to advance their relationship. She enters the scene expecting this will happen. Nicks revelation that he is leaving to improve his career, also a cover for his desire to minimise any chance of furthering their relationship, becomes Helens main obstacle. Nicks primary objective is to delay revealing this information, until Helen asks the inevitable question: A long pause. Helen So whats this thing you wanted to talk to me about? Nick looks at Helen and thinks. Nick Lets wait until after dinner. Yeah? Ok, darling Nick smiles. Helen drinks.[28] Nicks reply to the question is very considered, he thinks and he delays. What is communicated in these given objectives is that these characters enter a scene where the process will be harmful and complicated. The impact of Nicks pauses and careful discourse is enhanced when the scene becomes, inevitably, more emotional, Helen takes the news badly, and Nick fails to cope well with her reaction. Once Nick admits he is leaving, he then has to overcome the obstacle of Helens desire to understand why, without admitting the real reason. So he projects his guilt onto Helen, thereby obstructing his ability to be honest with her. Nick It isnt my duty to be unhappy. I owe it to myself to be happy in my work and Im not. Why are you trying to put me on this huge guilt trip? Helen Im not making you feel guilty. You feel guilty. If youre feeling guilty dont blame your guilt on me. Nick Helen, youre being so hard on me. Helen Am I? Nick I thought I could talk to you about this.[29] Both characters want to know what the other is thinking before they speak, but neither is willing to go first. Both postpone their admissions in fear of the reactions they will receive as a result. At this point, Helens desire moves from convincing Nick to stay, assuring him that the situation in their school will change, before appealing on a more personal level. Helen acts as Nicks obstacle, This is like talking to a brick wall'[30]. Both of them are thrown, because control is slipping away as their objectives are challenged, and Eldridge shows efficiently how rarely conversation goes according to plan, particularly prevalent in this scene because these characters are trying to conceal what they came to say. Eventually though, they are forced to articulate these thoughts, braving embarrassment, disappointment, or as Helen says, I feel like Im shrinking in front of you'[31]. The use of alcohol in the scene also allows the dialogue to escalate, and enables them to discuss the past between them, which is dramatically affecting the present and revealing important details about their relationship. The past is an obstacle because it confuses things presently, and memory is subjective or unremembered. Helen is taken back to this time through a negative association and subsequently becomes emotionally exposed. Once Nick suddenly reveals that they slept together and that he thinks it was a mistake, his attempt at explaining himself backfires, shocking Helen into reacting to this truth. Helen No, you were drunk and you wanted itThe things you said to me. Nick When Helen That time. Then. Nick I was drunk. A slight pause I didnt know what I was saying. Helen You were heavy and pissed and you moved me around the bed like I was a prone body. But your words? The things you said. Your promisesYour memory of it is that we were both drunk but I was sober. I remember every clumsy movement and every word you said like its shot through my memory. A slight pause I thought tonight would be my turn. You know that? To fall on you. Half cut.[32] The use of the word promises is repeated throughout the scene and has a connotative impact on the dialogue; implying hope and expectation. Consequently, the idea of broken or unremembered promises heightens the emotional content of the scene. Eldridge uses this repetition to warn his characters, essentially, about the danger of making promises to escape a difficult situation. Throughout this scene, the conversation goes round in circles as the issue is avoided but forever at the centre. The characters fail to communicate in a way in that they can achieve their primary objectives, so they must alter as the conversation continues. However, Eldridge uses a dramatic gesture to communicate a strong objective. When Helen first picks up the knife to show her experience of being attacked, there is no danger, but it does foreshadow what comes later in the scene. As much as she is appalled by this event, Helen uses the knife to react in a way that she has been reacted against to make her point. Choosing to place a knife in the scene may appear melodramatic, but in fact Eldridge gives Helen a very significant way of communicating her objective, which heightens the tension and reveals more about this character, an essential technique as she never appears physically after this scene. At this point, Helen is communicating, where words are not enough. With this device i n her hand, she is able to say certain things: Youre not goingIm not going to let you leave'[33] and we understand that Helen has been driven to distraction'[34] by this situation. In his exploration of unrequited love, Eldridge has shown the brutality of his theme and how it has affected both characters when their situation is based on clashing personal objectives, portraying the pain that they both feel when confronted with a love that one of them will not admit and the other can no longer keep within bounds'[35] The characters are unable to communicate successfully, failing to achieve these goals. Of course, this creates the tension and the drama in the scene. The play is a fine exploration of the cruel inequality of love, and of the violence passion can stir in even the gentlest souls. [Lisa Dillons (Helen)] vulnerable, breathless intensity powerfully captures the pain of unrequited love.[36] The ebb and flow of the conversation, keeps the pace and lures both characters and audience into false security when the dialogue returns to the cooking chilli before reverting back to the central issue, implying that this is a safe place for both characters to return to, just for a brief reprieve in the heavy dialogue. In many ways, this device is quite aggravating because the characters need to address what is between them, but still are unable to communicate with each other. Nick keeps telling Helen to talk to him, but neither will admit before the other, which is why the conversation continually rises and falls. Nick Why cant you say what you feel? Helen Say what? A pause Nick Im confused. Youre clearly not. But you only ever meet me halfway emotionally. And I dont know if thats good. I dont know how I feel about it. Us. I feel really confused. Helen So am I. Nick I dont think you are. I amOf course I wanted you to talk about your personal feelings. Helen Personal feelings. She cant believe it. A slight pause So I can put my heart and guts on the floor in front of you? Sob and wail like a widow and hope it might change your mind? And in the process confirm your gut feeling it might be good for us to see less of each other. Good for you to see less of me. While you create a new life for yourself in Essex. Is that what you want? Well, you can get stuffed. Helen tries to leave. Nick stands in her way.[37] This, along with frequent pauses, paces the argument and ensures the portrayal of the awkward cruelty of Eldridges theme of unrequited love. Contrary to Top Girls where there is so much to be said and it is being said, for Nick and Helen, what needs to be said is punctuated by silences and tension which intensifies the weight that hangs in the air between them. Are either of these scenes about successful communication, and are any of the characters able to overcome the obstacles to achieve their objectives? In Under the Blue Sky, Nick communicates his real reason for leaving through what is left out of the dialogue, until finally confessing. Helens objective becomes centred on her protection from exposure, which she is unable in the end to suppress. In Top Girls, the sisters are talking, but they are also competing to be heard. The competition they are playing out involves proving who has sacrificed the most. Churchill used this argument to show how their personal experiences informed the progression into a political debate. At the end of both Acts, the issues between the characters are not resolved and the dialogue has traced the thoughts they have been trying to conceal or not. Issues are left hanging in the air. For Marlene and Joyce, this encompasses the idea of solidarity, of sisterhood which has been usurped by their political ideals. Nicks suggestion to put the last half-hour behind us'[38] ensures that it will be hanging over them even if they agree not to voice it, just it has always been; it even prevails throughout the other two acts of the play. Despite the process of dialogue in the scene and the clashes of wants and needs, things have changed but nothing has been resolved. In both plays we know what happens afterwards; Under the Blue Sky communicates these events through the dialogue of others; and in Top Girls it has already happened in the play. The meanings that stem from these decisions ensure that we never reach any resolution in either situation. Although we are told that Nick and Hel en continue to be friends, we know that the issue from Act One has not been addressed again, which becomes the downfall of both of them: Helen dies and Nick is left to feel guilty about why. The placing of the final scene in Top Girls changes the essence of the story and its meaning in relation to Marlenes success, which defies the ideals of individualism and the positives of Marlenes success in a seemingly male-dominated world. It also means that in hindsight the impact of this scene on the rest of the play takes on a new emotional force. Because both playwrights have written these scenes between two characters, the action is scaled down and therefore emerges through the dialogue. It becomes the most direct way of communicating character wants, conflicts and obstacles, particularly effective as the other characters prove to be the obstacle. These characters use dialogue to persuade, appease, appeal to, insult, instruct, upset, challenge, dissuade, anger, judge, apologise, be honest , lie, conceal, explain and reveal, to convey character inner action in an exploration of the dramatic conflict of wills, utilising varying levels of tension and presenting back-story through speech which is now living in each present situation. By the end of both plays, the relationships have been ended in some significant